Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model / Caracterização química e efeitos do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet na qualidade da deposição do colágeno e expressão da caveolina-1 em modelo murino de fibrose muscular

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.

Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.

GC-MS Analysis of Effect of Different Processing Conditions on Irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the key compounds affecting the irritation and to clarify the effect of heating and the addition of ginger juice as the auxiliary material during the processing on the irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by comparing the irritation and composition of volatile oil in MOC and its different processed products. MethodVolatile oil in raw products， water-processed products， ginger-dried products， ginger-fried products（the amounts of ginger were 10%， 50%， respectively） of MOC were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to rabbit eye irritation experiment， and the volatile components of each sample were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to analyze the data of each sample by SIMCA 14.1. The relative contents of different processed products were compared two by two with those of and raw products or ginger-fried products， and the markers that might be related to the irritation were sorted out according to the principles of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.05， and the factors influencing the differences in irritation were analyzed. ResultCompared with the blank group， the administration groups all had irritation to the eyes of rabbits， and the degree of irritation was in the order of raw products>water-processed products>ginger-dried products>ginger-fried products（10%）>ginger-fried products（50%）. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were differences in the volatile oil from raw products and different processed products. According to VIP value>1 and P<0.05， and combined with the results of eye irritation experiment， ten volatile compounds related to irritation changes were screened out. Among them， cis-cinnamaldehyde was only detected in raw products， the relative contents of β-caryophyllene， （+）-delta-cadinene， α-humulene， γ-muurolene， （-）-isoledene and citral all increased to different degrees， the contents of p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol and β-eudesmol all decreased to different degrees. ConclusionThe irritation of MOC is reduced after heating and processing with ginger juice， and the synergistic effect of both is more effective for reducing irritation. Among the differential markers associated with changes in irritation， the increase in the relative content of citral is closely related to the addition of ginger juice， while the decrease in the relative contents of cis-cinnamaldehyde， p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol is related to heating， and the changes of other components may be related to the synergistic effect of heating and ginger juice.

Volatile Oil of Linderae Radix Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy of Gastric Cancer AGS Cells via AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the volatile oil of Linderae Radix on the apoptosis and autophagy of human gastric cancer cell line AGS， and to explore the regulatory role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway in this process. MethodThe volatile oil of Linderae Radix was extracted by steam distillation， and the effect of the volatile oil on the viability of AGS cells was detected by thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） colorimetry. The optimal intervention dose and time were determined according to the half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） for subsequent research. The blank， low， medium， and high-dose volatile oil （0， 15， 30， 60 mg·L-1） groups and the positive drug cyclophosphamide （CTX， 350 mg·L-1） group were designed. AGS cells were treated with different doses of volatile oil for 48 h. The changes in cell proliferation， cycle， and migration were measured by colony formation assay， flow cytometry， and cell scratch test， respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed to observe the changes of cell morphology， Annexin-V/propidium iodide （PI） double staining to measure the apoptosis， and acridine orange （AO） staining to measure the autophagy level of the cells. Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of the autophagy effectors Beclin-1， p62， microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3 （LC3）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cleaved Caspase-3， cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase （PARP）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， mTOR， and phosphorylated mTOR （p-mTOR）. ResultCompared with the blank group， 24 h and 48 h of intervention with the volatile oil of Linderae Radix inhibited the viability of AGS cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the volatile oil decreased the cell proliferation and migration （P<0.05， P<0.01） and blocked the AGS cell cycle in G2/M phase （P<0.05， P<0.01） in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells treated with the volatile oil became spherical and smaller， with the formation of apoptotic bodies and increased apoptosis rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）. As the dose of the volatile oil increased， the number of autophagosomes increased and the red fluorescence gradually enhanced， indicating the elevated level of autophagy. Compared with the blank group， different doses of volatile oil up-regulated the protein levels of Beclin-1， LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ， cleaved Caspase-3， cleaved PARP， Bax/Bcl-2， and AMPK （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulated the protein levels of p62 and p-mTOR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe volatile oil of Linderae Radix induces the apoptosis and exerts the autophagy-mediated growth inhibition of AGS cells by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Study on the extraction and antifungal activity of volatile oil from stems，leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the extraction process of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis， analyze the chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， and preliminarily evaluate its in vitro antifungal activity. METHODS Based on the steam distillation method， single factor test and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the extraction method of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis. The chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS) technology and their relative contents were calculated. The antifungal activity of volatile oils from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis against Fusarium solani， Fusarium incarnatum， Fusarium oxysporum， Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus was determined by paper diffusion method. RESULTS The optimal extraction process of G. littoralis was solid-liquid ratio of 1∶15， distillation time of 5 hours， and KCl concentration of 15%. Eleven components were identified from the volatile oil of the stems and leaves of G. littoralis， and a total of eight components were identified from the volatile oil of the roots. Ginsenethinol was a common component in the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， its contents in the stems and leaves， roots were 38.21% and 74.02%， respectively. The volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis had a certain E-mail：zwhjzs@126.com inhibitory effect on F. solani， F. incarnatum， F. oxysporum， A. parasiticus and A. flavus， especially volatile oil from the stems and leaves. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in chemical components of the volatile oil between the roots， stems and leaves of G. littoralis， both of which have certain in vitro antifungal activity.

Analysis of Quality Value Transmitting of Volatile Oil in Bran-processed Atractylodes lancea and Its Standard Decoction with Different Physicochemical Forms / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the differences in volatile oil content of bran-processed Atractylodes lancea and its standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder， as well as the differences in the types and contents of chemical components in volatile oil， and to clarify the quality value transmitting. MethodTen batches of A. lancea rhizoma were collected and prepared into raw products and bran-processed products of A. lancea， standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder of bran-processed A. lancea in order to extract the volatile oil， and the transfer rate of volatile oil in each sample was calculated. Quantitative analysis of the main chemical components（β-eudesmol， atractylon， atractylodin） in each volatile oil was performed by gas chromatography（GC） on the HP-5 quartz capillary column（0.32 mm×30 m， 0.25 μm） with a flame ionization detector（FID）， a split ratio of 10∶1 and a temperature program（initial temperature at 80 ℃， hold for 1 min， rise to 150 ℃ at 10 ℃·min-1， hold for 10 min， rise to 155 ℃ at 0.5 ℃·min-1， hold for 5 min， rise to 240 ℃ at 8.5 ℃·min-1， hold for 8 min）. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis（PCA） were used to explore the overall differences in types and contents of chemical components between the standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder. ResultThe transfer rates of volatile oil in the bran-processed products， standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder were 70.51%， 1.57% and 40.90%， respectively. The average transfer rates of β-eudesmol， atractylon and atractylodin in the volatile oil of bran-processed A. lancea were 58.45%， 48.49% and 55.64%， respectively. In the standard decoction concentrate， only β-eudesmol and atractylodin were detected， and their average transfer rates were 0.22% and 0.10%， respectively. And only β-eudesmol was detected in the freeze-dried powder with the average transfer rate of 8.37%. The results of cluster analysis and PCA showed that there are obvious differences in the types and contents of chemical components between the standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder. ConclusionThe quality value transmitting between bran-processed A. lancea and its standard decoction concentrate and freeze-dried powder is stable， and if the freeze-dried powder is selected as the reference material of dispensing granules， appropriate amount of volatile oil should be added back to make it consistent with the quality of the standard decoction concentrate.

Study on the extraction process of Xinyi Powder by ambi-extracting and the inclusion process of volatile oil / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To screen the optimal process of ambi-extracting of Xinyi Powder and inclusion of volatile oil.Methods:Single factor experiment was used to optimize the extraction process of Xinyi Powder by taking crushing particle size, extraction times, the amount of water added and extraction time as the investigation factors. L 9(3 4) orthogonal test was used to optimize the inclusion process of volatile oil in Xinyi Powder. Results:The optimal extraction process of ambi-extracting of Xinyi Powder was as follows: the slices were not crushed, 10 times the amount of water was added, and extracted for 3 hours; the best inclusion process of volatile oil as follows: β-cyclodextrin:water=1:25, β-cyclodextrin:volatile oil=6:1, inclusion temperature 35 ℃, inclusion time 3 hours.Conclusion:The ambi-extracting process and volatile oil inclusion process are simple, stable and feasible.

Preliminary study on the material basis for expectorant and cough relief effects of the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the material basis and mechanism of expectorant and cough relief effects of the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. METHODS The expectorant and cough relief effects of volatile oil and water decoction of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. were studied by ammonia water cough induction and drug expectorant model mice experiments； GC-MS and UPLC-MS technologies were used to identify its volatile oils and non-volatile components of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. The active ingredients， core targets and pathways of expectoration and cough relief were analyzed by network pharmacology. RESULTS The volatile oil （0.8， 0.2 g/kg， calculated by volatile oil） and water decoction （12， 3 g/kg， calculated by crude drug） of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. both had obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and showed obvious dose-dependent relationship. A total of 38 volatile oil components were identified from the medicinal herbs， and the relative percentage contents of 8 components were greater than 1%， such as α -pinene， myrcene， β -caryophyllene， germanene D， isospathulenol； a total of 69 non-volatile oil components were identified， mainly including phenolic compounds， alkaloids， and flavonoids. The active ingredients screened from the identified components included 13 compounds such as α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine. There were a total of 55 intersection targets with diseases， and the core targets were tumor necrosis factor （TNF）， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）， vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA）， serine/threonine kinase proteins （AKT1） and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）. The molecular docking results showed that the active ingredients and the core targets had good binding ability. GO functional analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in biological processes such as the reaction affecting lipopolysaccharides， the positive regulation of peptidyl serine phosphorylation， and the positive regulation of the biosynthesis process of nitric oxide. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in the signaling pathways such as cancer， non-small cell lung cancer， proteoglycans in cancer. CONCLUSIONS Fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. have obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and its material basis may be α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine， etc.， and mainly act on TNF， EGFR， VEGFA， AKT1， TLR4 and its significantly enriched signaling pathway.

Comparison of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effects before and after stir-frying with wine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To compare the components of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effect before and after stir-frying with wine. METHODS Steam distillation was used to exact the volatile oil from G. jasminoides and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides. The components of volatile oil were identified by GC-MS method， and the relative mass fraction of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. The rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， positive control group （bifendate suspension 35 mg/kg）， G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] with 10 rats in each group. Liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride in rats of each group after continuous intragastric administration of corresponding drug solution for 7 days. The status， serum biochemical indexes， liver biochemical indexes and liver pathological sections of rats in each group were compared. RESULTS Twenty-three volatile oil components from G. jasminoides and 25 volatile oil components from wine stir-fried G. jasminoides were identified； there were 18 common volatile oil components， of which the contents of 17 common components were decreased， while the content of one common component was increased due to stir-frying with wine. Compared with model group， the symptoms of depression and liver cell damage of rats in each administration group were improved to varying degrees； the serum levels of adenosine deaminase， alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， direct bilirubin， lactate dehydrogenase，prealbumin， total bile acid and total bilirubin were significantly decreased， while the total protein level was significantly increased； the level of malondialdehyde in liver tissue was significantly decreased， there were statistical significance （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS During stir-frying with wine， the contents of 17 volatile oil components are decreased， while the content of one volatile oil component is increased. Wine stir-fried G. jasminoides shows liver protective effect. .

Application and problems analysis of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil preparation technology based on ionic liquids / 中国中药杂志

Ionic liquids(ILs) are salts composed entirely of anions and cations in a liquid state at or near room temperature, which have a variety of good physicochemical properties such as low volatility and high stability. This paper mainly reviewed the research overview of ILs in the application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) volatile oil preparation technology. Firstly, it briefly introduced the application of TCM volatile oil preparation technology and composition classification and physicochemical properties of ILs, and then summarized the application of ILs in the extraction, separation, analysis, and preparation of TCM volatile oil. Finally, the problems and challenges of ILs in the application of TCM volatile oil were explained, and the application of ILs in TCM volatile oil in the future was prospected.

Comparison of growth and quality of wild and cultivated Artemisia stolonifera / 中国中药杂志

This paper aims to compare the difference of growth and quality between wild and cultivated Artemisia stolonifera, thereby providing references for further development and utilization of A. stolonifera. The wild and cultivated A. stolonifera from different altitudes were collected, and the agronomic characters, moxa yield, volatile components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were determined. The results showed that the cultivated species were taller and stronger, with more leaves and branches, than the wild species. The moxa yield and combustion quality of wild products were higher than those of cultivated products. The content of main volatile components in cultivated products was higher than that in wild products. The content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in wild products was higher than that in cultivated products. At high altitude, the ignition performance, combustion persistence, comprehensive combustion performance, and heat release during combustion of the wild and cultivated A. stolonifera. were optimal. At middle altitude, the content of main characteristic volatile components and flavone phenolic acids in the leaves of the cultivated and wild A. stolonifera were the highest. At low altitude, the combustion quality and the content of the above components of the cultivated A. stolonifera decrease significantly. Considering the combustion quality and the content of the internal components of the leaf lint, the middle and high altitude areas are suitable for the artificial cultivation of A. stolonifera.

Effects of shading intensity on growth and quality of Artemisia stolonifera / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shading intensity on the growth, yield, and quality of Artemisia stolonifera so as to provide references for the artificial cultivation of A. stolonifera. The seedlings of A. stolonifera with consistent growth underwent shading treatment at four shading intensity levels(0, 55%, 85%, and 95%) with different layers of black shading nets. The agronomic indexes, yield, moxa yield, total ash, quality characteristics of moxa during combustion and pyrolysis, main volatile components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were measured. The results showed that under shading conditions, the stem diameter, leaf width, 5-leaf spacing, branch number, and yield of A. stolonifera decreased significantly, while the plant height, leaf length, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and moxa yield increased first and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The burning performance of moxa under natural light was better than that under moderate and severe shading conditions. The content of eucalyptol first increased and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The humulene content was negatively correlated with shading intensity. Other major volatile components showed no significant difference under various shading conditions. The content of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoschaftoside, and isochlorogenic acid B was positively correlated with shading intensity, while the content of chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C decreased first and then increased with the increase in shading intensity. To sum up, A. stolonifera is a light-loving plant, and shading can greatly reduce the yield, the content of internal components, and the burning performance of moxa. It is the main reason why A. stolonifera is mainly distributed in the forest edge, open forest, roadside, and wasteland grass in the middle and high mountains in the wild. For artificial domestication and cultivation of A. stolonifera, it is better to select plots with sufficient light.

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng essential oil and Carvacrol against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli / Potencial antibacteriano e anti-biofilme do óleo essencial de Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng e carvacrol frente a Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are pathogens that cause chronic infections due to antibiotic resistance mechanisms and their ability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilms. The search for new agents from natural resources to counter microbial biofilms is an urgent priority in healthcare. Objetive: chemical composition, antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil (PAEO) and carvacrol were investigated against E. coli and S. aureus. Methodology: PAEO was chemically analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by the disc diffusion method and broth microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Antibiofilm activity was investigated using 96-well plates with a crystal violet assay. Results: carvacrol (85.25%) was the major component of PAEO. The disc diffusion test confirmed the ability of PAEO and carvacrol in inhibiting bacteria in their planktonic form. The MICs of PAEO against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.31 and 1.25%, respectively, with bactericidal effect. Carvacrol demonstrated a significant antibacterial property (MIC = 0.31%), exhibiting bacteriostatic effects against S. aureus and bactericidal effects against E. coli. Carvacrol considerably inhibited E. coli biofilm formations (58.9%). Moreover, carvacrol inactivated the mature biofilms. Conclusion: the data obtained are promising, and facilitates the development of new therapeutic alternatives. These results indicate the potential of carvacrol in treating diseases caused by E. coli and S. aureus

Introdução: Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus são patógenos que podem causar infecções persistentes devido aos mecanismos de resistência e à sua capacidade de aderir e formar biofilme. A busca por novos agentes a partir de recursos naturais para combater o biofilme é uma prioridade na área da saúde. Objetivo: a composição química, a atividade antibacteriana e anti-biofilme do óleo essencial de Plectranthus amboinicus (PAEO) e do carvacrol foram investigadas frente a S. aureus e E. coli. Metodologia: a análise química do PAEO foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por difusão em disco e microdiluição em caldo para determinar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs). As atividades do anti-biofilme foram investigadas usando placas de 96 poços pelo ensaio de cristal violeta. Resultados: o carvacrol (85,25%) foi o principal componente do PAEO. A capacidade do PAEO e do carvacrol para inibir bactérias planctônica foi confirmada por difusão em disco. A CIM do PAEO para S. aureus e E. coli foi de 0,31 e 1,25%, respectivamente, com efeito bactericida. O carvacrol demonstrou uma propriedade antibacteriana significativa (CIM=0,31%), exibindo efeito bacteriostático frente a S. aureus e efeito bactericida para E. coli. O carvacrol inibiu significativamente a formação de biofilme de E. coli (58,9%) e promoveu a desestabilização do biofilme maduro. Conclusão: os dados obtidos são promissores, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas e revelam a potencialidade do carvacrol como fonte para o tratamento de doenças causadas por E. coli e S. aureus.

Comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Amomum tsao -ko based on entropy weight TOPSIS method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of Amomum tsao -ko from different origins and harvesting periods comprehensively. METHODS The contents of total volatile oil in A. tsao -ko were determined by volatile oil measurement method A stated in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）；the contents of total flavonoids and total polyphenols in A. tsao -ko were determined by aluminum nitrate-sodium nitrite colorimetry and folin-ciocalteu method. The contents of α-pinene，β-pinene， 1，8-cineole，α-terpineol，geraniol and trans-nerolidol in the volatile oil of A. tsao -ko were determined by gas chromatography ；the contents of protocatechuate and vanillic acid in A. tsao -ko were determined by ulta high performance liquid chromatography. The above 11 indicators were selected ，and entropy weight TOPSIS method was used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of 16 batches of A. tsao -ko. RESULTS The contents of total volatile oil ，total flavonoids ，total polyphenols ，α-pinene，β-pinene， 1，8-cineole，α-terpineol，geraniol，trans-nerolidol，protocatechuate and vanillic acid in 16 batches of A. tsao -ko were 15.833 3- 28.000 0 μL/g，29.100 5-78.199 6 mg/g，6.789 8-35.797 7 mg/g，0.088 7-0.401 3 mg/g，0.106 3-0.408 0 mg/g，3.709 6-8.533 1 mg/g，0.259 8-0.599 6 mg/g，0.314 8-1.324 1 mg/g，0.272 3-0.576 4 mg/g，9.301 2-19.818 5 μg/g，8.180 9-27.666 3 μg/g， respectively. Entropy weight TOPSIS results showed that the top three of relative closeness rankings were A. tsao -ko produced by Yunnan Baoshan in July ，Yunnan Honghe in October ，Yunnan Wenshan in September ；the last three of relative closeness rankings were A. tsao -ko produced by Yunnan Dehong in September ，Yunnan Dehong in November ，Yunnan Dehong in December. CONCLUSIONS A. tsao -ko produced by Yunnan Baoshan in July ，Yunnan Honghe in October and Yunnan Wenshan in September present better quality.

Research progress on chemical constituents ，pharmacological effects and clinical application of volatile oil from Magnolia liliflora / 中国药房

The volatile oil of Magnolia liliflora ，as the main active part of the medicinal value ，has rich chemical constituents ， mainly including cineole ，farnesol，α-pinene，β-pinene，terpineol，cadinene，linalool，citronellol，camphor. It has a wide range of pharmacological effects ，mainly anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Clinically ，it is mainly used to treat acute and chronic rhinitis，allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. This paper summarizes the research reports on the volatile oil of M. liliflora at home and abroad in the past 10 years，compares the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from M. liliflora under different conditions （origin，variety，part and extraction method ），combs its pharmacological effects and clinical application status ，and looks forward to its development prospect ，in order to provide reference for the further development of the medicinal value of the volatile oil from M. liliflora .

Optimization of extraction technology of volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera and analysis on its compositions / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To opti mize the supercritical CO 2 extraction technology of volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera ，and compare the components of the volatile oil from B. balsamifera obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction and steam distillation. METHODS The volatile oil of B. balsamifera was extracted by supercritical CO 2 extraction. Using extraction rate of volatile oil as index，extraction temperature ，extraction pressure and extraction time as factors ，based on single-factor experiment ，orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the supercritical CO 2 extraction technology. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the components of volatile oil from B. balsamifera . Peak area normalization was used to calculate the relative contents of each component. Taking the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation as a reference ，the extraction rates ，components and contents of volatile oil by the two methods were compared. RESULTS The optimal supercritical CO 2 extraction technology of volatile oil from B. balsamifera included extraction pressure of 30 MPa，extraction temperature of 50 ℃ and extracting for 50 min. After 3 times of validation tests ，average extraction rate of volatile oil was 4.64％（RSD＝0.54％，n＝3）. Thirty-nine components such as tritriacontane，stigmasterol，squalene were identified in the volatile oil of B. balsamifera obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction； and 51 components such as triacontane ，ledol，humulene epoxide Ⅰ were identified by steam distillation. The extraction rate of volatile oil from B. balsamifera obtained by 2 methods were 4.64％ and 0.99％. A total of 26 common components were obtained ， such as xanthoxylin ，L-borneol，β-caryophyllene. Except for xanthoxyline （34.829％ by supercritical CO 2 extraction，30.676％ by steam distillation method ）and phytol （2.401％ by supercritical CO 2 extraction，1.273％ by steam distillation ），the relative contents of the components of volatile oil obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction were lower than those of steam distillation. CONCLUSIONS The optimal supercritical CO 2 extraction technology is stable and feasible ；the components and contents of volatile oil obtained by two methods varies greatly ，and main compounds are aldehydes and ketones ，alkenes，alcohols and other components.

Mechanism of Syringa oblata in treating angina pectoris based on GC-MS and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents in the volatile oil of Syringa oblata were identified using GC-MS and NIST database. TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction were employed to predict the potential targets of the active components in S. oblata. Through Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM), GeneCards, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), we screened out the targets related to the prevention or treatment of angina pectoris by the volatile oil of S. oblata, and then used DAVID 6.8 to annotate the gene ontology(GO) terms and KEGG pathways. The "active components-targets-pathways" network was constructed in Cytoscape 3.6.0, and the key active components and targets of S. oblata were verified by Discovery Studio 2016. Forty-six chemical constituents were identified from the volatile oil of S. oblata; 198 potential targets of the active components and 1 138 targets associated with angina pectoris were predicted. A total of 71 common targets were shared by the active components and the disease, including cytochrome P450 19 A1(CYP19 A1) and prostaglandin G/H synthase 2(PTGS2). The KEGG pathways involved include PPAR, JAK-STAT, TNF, Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. The active components in the volatile oil of S. oblata may play anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis roles. This study provides a reliable clue for further explanation of the effective components and the functioning mechanism of S. oblata in the treatment of angina pectoris.

Effect of Light and Temperature on Photosynthetic Fluorescence Parameters and Volatile Oil Content of Atractylodes lancea / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective ： To study the effect of temperature and light intensity on photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, volatile oil content, and growth of Atractylodes lancea and provide reference for the rational selection of cultivation environment for A. lancea. MethodWe determined the photosynthetic indexes (such as net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and carboxylation rate), light response curve, CO2 response curve, fluorescence parameters, and the content of four volatile oils in A. lancea under two temperature treatments (32 °C and 22 °C) and two light treatments (full light and shade). ResultThe net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of A. lancea under high temperature + strong light were significantly higher than those under high temperature + weak light and low temperature + strong light. The ability of A. lancea to use weak light at low temperature was the strongest, while the utilization rate of weak light under strong light significantly reduced. The photosynthetic rate of A. lancea at low temperature was more susceptible to light intensity and CO2 concentration than that at high temperature. The maximum photosynthetic rate and apparent quantum efficiency under weak light were significantly higher than those under strong light. The photoreaction efficiency at high temperature was higher than that at low temperature. The total amount of volatile oil in A. lancea treated with high temperature + weak light was the highest, reaching 4.582%. Compared with high temperature + strong light, high temperature + weak light significantly increased the content of hinesol and β-eudesmol in A. lancea by 91.7% and 35.7%, respectively, and low temperature + strong light significantly increased the content of hinesol by 87.5%. The content of β-eudesmol in low temperature + weak light treatment was significantly lower than that in high temperature + weak light treatment. ConclusionTThe growth of A. lancea was affected by the interaction between temperature and light. The light and temperature conditions required for the accumulation of volatile oil were not consistent with those suitable for the growth and development of A. lancea. A. lancea responded to the changes of light and temperature conditions by regulating the synthesis and accumulation of volatile oil.

Analysis of Chemical Constitutions of Volatile Oil in Opisthopappus taihangensis by GC-MS Combined with Retention Index / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the composition of volatile oil in Opisthopappus taihangensis （Taihangju）， and provide a reference for comprehensive development of this medicine. MethodTaking Chrysanthemum morifolium （Xiaobaiju）， C. morifolium （Xiaohuangju） and C. indicum （Yejuhua） as control， the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile oil in Taihangju and three control varieties were completed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） combined with retention index method. The GC conditions were as following：programmed temperature （initial temperature at 60 ℃， kept for 2 min； up to 120 ℃ with the heating rate of 5 ℃·min-1， still kept for 2 min； up to 180 ℃ with the heating rate of 2 ℃·min-1， kept for 3 min； and then up to 240 ℃ with the heating rate of 8 ℃·min-1， kept for 5 min； finally up to 280 ℃ with the heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1， kept it for 5 min and finished）， high-purity helium as the carrier gas， the split ratio of 50∶1. MS conditions were as follows：electron impact ion source （EI）， ion source temperature of 230 ℃， electron collision energy of 70 eV and scanning range of m/z 30-445. Principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were used to obtain the characteristic components between Taihangju and the three control varieties. ResultA total of 86， 96， 112 and 109 compounds including 73 common components were identified in Taihangju， Xiaobaiju， Xiaohuangju and Yejuhua， respectively. The contents of volatile components in Taihangju were significantly different from that of the control varieties. In which， the relative contents of α-thujone， eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol were high in Taihangju， and eucalyptol， camphor and α-terpinyl acetate were the main compositions in the control varieties. In addition， 11 compounds were screened as characteristic components to distinguish Taihangju and the three control varieties by PCA and OPLS-DA， including main differential components of chamazulene and δ-cadinene. ConclusionThe main components of volatile oil in Taihangju includes alcohols， terpenes， ketones and esters with high medicinal value. The accuracy of qualitative analysis of volatile oil is improved by GC-MS combined with retention index method， which provides scientific reference for development and utilization of Taihangju.

Processing of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in China. By referring to herbal monographs and related research documents， and comparing all editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and local processing specifications， the processing history， modern processing specifications， study on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects before and after processing of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium were summarized. It was found that the processing methods of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium in the past dynasties were mainly cleansing， cutting and frying. The processing methods of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium included in all editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were all cleansing and cutting. In modern local processing specifications， there were mainly processing methods such as frying， steaming and carbonizing. The components of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium were mainly volatile oil and flavonoids. After processing， the total amount of volatile oil generally decreased， and the contents and compositions of volatile oil and flavonoids also changed. It may be the main reason for the difference of efficacy before and after processing. At present， the optimization of processing technology of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium mainly focuses on steaming， processing with vinegar and baking. Pharmacological research on Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium mainly focuses on reducing blood lipid， relieving cough， relieving asthma and resolving phlegm， and inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis. The current research on the processing methods of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium is not in-depth enough， the material basis of many processing methods has not been clarified， and the research on the efficacy before and after processing is not in-depth enough. Further research is needed to clarify the material basis and mechanism after the processing of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， so as to standardize the processing method and establish specific quality standards.